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var capacities = "UNDP defines capacity as the ability of individuals, institutions and society to perform functions, solve problems and set and achieve objectives in a sustainable manner. Capacity development activities such as workshops and training sessions aim to strengthen these skills in local communities. In the context of human rights, capacity development often refers to activities which enhance the knowledge and skills necessary for a particular group to fulfil their obligations and/or assert their rights.";
var cca_undaf = "The Common Country Assessment (CCA) and the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) are strategic planning tools for the UN system, and the first steps in the preparation of country programmes and projects supported by UN agencies. Analysis contained in a CCA or a similar national document provides the rationale for UN operations in the country concerned while the UNDAF indicates their link to national priorities (including the MDGs), their strategic direction and expected results.";
var cpr_escr = "Civil and Political Rights include the rights to liberty and equal citizenship, rights to due process, freedom to worship, to think and express oneself, to vote, to take part in political life, and to have access to information. These are primarily enumerated in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights include labour rights, rights to adequate education, housing and health, protections for minorities, and protections against severe poverty and starvation. These are primarily enumerated in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.";
var community_of_practice = "Communities of Practice are networks of experts and practitioners organized about a single theme. CoPs use face-to-face meetings, networks and workspaces to promote interaction and address the needs of development practitioners. Within the UNDP, CoPs are often organized about the UNDP’s five practice areas (poverty reduction, democratic governance, environment, human security and regional cooperation).";
var concluding_observations = "The core human rights treaties require State parties to report on their implementation, and establish committees to oversee the reporting process. The examination of a report leads to dialogue with the State party and culminates in the adoption of concluding 'observations/comments', in which the Treaty Bodies make specific recommendations to the State party for future action. When appropriate, States are advised to seek assistance from specific UN Agencies and international organizations.";
var focus_group = "A focus group is a form of qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their attitude towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging. Questions are asked in an interactive group setting where participants are free to talk with other group members.";
var treaty = "International human rights treaties are legal agreements between States, in which States mutually commit to observe minimum standards of treatment for individuals.
International human rights are codified in 7 'core treaties': (International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Convention on the Rights of the Child).
The terms 'treaty, convention and covenant are synonomous.";
var cso = "The term Civil Society Organizations (CSO) refers to a wide of array of organizations, including community groups, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), labour unions, indigenous groups, charitable organizations, faith-based organizations, professional associations, and foundations.";
var diagnostics = "Diagnostic exercises such as workshops, surveys, desk research and baseline analyses aim to determine the state of development and development problems in national and subnational contexts, identifying causes, effects and specific relationships in order to 'diagnose' development problems.";
var empowerment = "Empowerment refers to measures that increase the capacity of groups and individuals to participate in political and developmental processes, and thus exercise control over their lives and social contexts. Empowerment often addresses members of groups that social discrimination has excluded from decision-making processes.";
var hrba = "According to the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘a rights-based approach to development is a conceptual framework for the process of human development that is normatively based on international human rights standards and operationally directed to promoting and protecting human rights.’ The 2003 Statement of Common Understanding on Human Rights Based Approaches among UN Agencies defines human rights based approaches according to the following elements:
1. All programmes of development co-operation, policies and technical assistance should further the realisation of human rights as laid down in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments.
2. Human rights standards contained in, and principles derived from, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments guide all development cooperation and programming in all sectors and in all phases of the programming process.
3. Development cooperation contributes to the development of the capacities of ‘duty-bearers’ to meet their obligations and/or of ‘rights-holders’ to claim their rights.
The human rights principles to guide development programming identified in this agreement are:
-universality and inalienability;
-indivisibility;
-inter-dependence and inter-relatedness;
-equality and non-discrimination;
-participation and inclusion";
var indicators = "MDG Indicators: To help track progress on the commitment made in United Nations Millennium Declaration, international and national statistical experts selected 48 indicators to be used to measure and assess progress towards fulfilling the goals over the period from 1990 to 2015, when targets are expected to be met. Human Rights Indicators: Measuring human rights requires different types of indicators, including information on the existence of rights as guaranteed by international treaties and national legislation (rights in principle), information on the actual violation and protection of rights as gathered from events-based data, survey-based data, and expert judgements (rights in practice), and statistical data which may be disaggregated to reflect human rights enjoyment (proxy indicators). Indicators for measuring the effects of human rights based approaches to programming: Measuring the effects of human rights based approaches requires a measurement of human rights enjoyment before and after the programme, as well as evidence and statistical information regarding the project’s design and implementation. Methodologies for designing such indicators are laid out in the UNDP publication: Indicators for Human Rights Based Approaches to Development in UNDP Programming: A Users’ Guide.";
var indivisibility_interdependence = "Human rights doctrine dictates that the enjoyment of a human right depends on the fulfilment of all other human rights. Human rights cannot thus be fulfilled in isolation, nor may rights be justifiably violated in the name of fulfilling other rights. Nor may it be argued that some rights are inherently of a higher priority than either.";
var international_bill_of_rights = "The International Bill of Rights is composed of three international legal documents: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).";
var la21 = "Agenda 21 is a UN programme for sustainable development in the 21st century. The plan was agreed upon by 178 States at the Rio conference in 1992, and calls for comprehensive action globally, nationally and locally. Chapter 28 of the Agenda calls on local authorities to design and implement 'a local Agenda 21' (LA21) through local organizations, such as Local Agenda 21 City Councils.";
var mainstreaming = "Mainstreaming is often heard in the context of ‘gender mainstreaming’ or ‘human rights mainstreaming’, and refers to the integration of a specific policy concern in all policy, programme, administrative and financial activities of an institution.";
var mdg_localization = "UNDP defines MDG localization as the process of designing (or adjusting) and implementing local development strategies to achieve the MDGs (or more specifically, to achieve locally adapted MDG targets).";
var mdg_reports = "The Millennium Development Goal country reports will supply frequent updates on a country-by-country basis towards attainment of the Goals. UN Country Teams help prepare national reports, which are meant to be read not only by policy makers and development partners, but also by the media and the general public as short and easy-to-read reviews that convey messages quickly in a nontechnical way. So far , national MDG reports had been published in over 140 countries; in the best cases they have led to better policy analysis, a sharper focus on priorities, clearer target setting and ultimately to improved national economic and social policies.";
var mdg_targets = "The 8 Millennium Development Goals are broken down into 18 specific and quantifiable targets, such as Target 1: Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day. Progress towards targets are to be measured by specific indicators, such as ‘Proportion of Population Below $1 (PPP) per Day’.";
var nondiscrimination = "The universality of human rights is based on the premise that all people are born ‘free and equal in dignity and rights’ (Art 1, Universal Declaration of Human Rights), and virtually all human rights legal instruments contain a non-discrimination clause, requiring non-discriminate implementation of the treaty or legislation for all individuals.As a fundamental and constitutive principle of human rights, non-discrimination dictates that no one can be denied their human rights on the basis of specific characteristics, such as race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin.";
var ownership = "‘Ownership’ or ‘local ownership’ refers to community or government commitment to development processes and control over them. The term may be used to designate institutional ownership, which implies control over the input and output of resources, political commitment, and/or the practical ability to achieve results.";
var prsp = "Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) describe a country's macroeconomic, structural and social policies, and programmes to promote growth and reduce poverty, as well as associated external financing needs. PRSPs are prepared by governments through a participatory process involving civil society and development partners.";
var progressive_realization = "Progressive realization refers to the principle that states are required to dedicate the ‘maximum extent of available resources’ towards the progressive realisation of socio-economic rights. This principle has legal basis in article two of the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights.";
var pro_poor = "Pro-poor growth is economic growth that benefits the poor disproportionately, or decreases poverty generally within a population. Pro-poor development programming is programming that aims to decrease inequality, benefit the poor in any given population or community, and to reduce poverty among populations generally.";
var public_interest_lawsuits = "A lawsuit in which public or private actors sue the a public agency or national government, often in civil or administrative courts, not for punitive measures or compensation, but with the express intent to change policies, provide a public good, and act in the public interest.";
var ratification = "States become the subjects of international law by becoming parties to international treaties, which takes place through two steps. First, international human rights treaties are signed by the executive representatives of States, which is called accession to the treaty. Treaties are then brought before State’s legislative branches for acceptance, or ‘ratification’, at which point the treaty becomes legally binding on the State.";
var reservation = "When ratifying an international treaty, States sometimes issue a formal declaration called a Reservation, by which they reserve the right not to be bound by specific articles of the treaty or to interpret specific articles in a certain way. Many treaties do not allow Reservations, or do not allow Reservations to certain portions of the treaty, as they undermine the treaty’s object and purpose.";
var respect_protect_fulfil = "States’ human obligations involve three layers of obligation:
The obligation to respect human rights obligates states not to commit human rights violations.
The obligation to protect human rights requires states to take legislative and other steps to protect individuals from human rights violations by third parties.
The obligation to fulfil requires states to take appropriate steps, through legislation, policies, budgetary allocations and other measures, to promote the realization of the rights (within available resource constraints and ability).";
var right_holder_duty_bearer = "According to human rights doctrine, for every human right held by an individual ‘right holder’, there corresponds a ‘duty bearer’. Though the legal obligations imposed by international human rights treaties accrue to States, the specific duty to respect, protect or fulfil an individual’s human right will generally lie with a specific government institution or representative. This institution or government representative is referred to as the ‘duty holder’.";
var seed_funds = "Seed funds are funds provided at the beginning of a project and intended to support the project’s development and initial phases.";
var stakeholders = "A stakeholder is anyone with a 'stake' or interest in an activity, anyone who is affected by it.";
var state_parties = "The terms ‘State Parties’ and ‘States party’, refer to the countries that have ratified a treaty and are thereby legally bound by it.";
var swot_analysis = "SWOT Analysis, sometimes known as the TOWS Matrix, is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project.";
var technical = "Technical co-operation is the provision of advice and/or skills, in the form of specialist personnel, training and scholarship, grants for research and associated costs.";
var treaty_body = "The human rights treaty bodies are committees of independent experts nominated and elected to monitor implementation of the core international human rights treaties. They are created in accordance with the provisions of the treaty that they monitor.
The Human Rights Committee (HRC) monitors implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 and its optional protocols;The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) monitors implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966;The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) monitors implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1965;The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) monitors implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979;The Committee Against Torture (CAT) monitors implementation of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment; The Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) monitors implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 and its optional protocols; andThe Committee on Migrant Workers (CMW) monitors implementation of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families 1990.";
var universality = "The fundamental and constitutive human rights principal of universality dictates that human rights apply to all human beings equally by virtue of their humanity.";
var validation = "Validation referes to processes in which tools, policies or theoretical models are submitted to the groups or agents for whom they are intended. These tools or policies are then evaluated through discussion or limited use, in order to ensure that they are ‘valid’, i.e. that they are conceptually or practically sound and that they do in fact fulfil their objectives and meet the needs of users.";
var generations = "It was at some point common to distinguish between human rights of a 1st generation (civil and political rights), a 2nd generation (economic, social and cultural rights) and a 3rd generation (environmental rights, the right to development and the right to self-determination). While arguably convenient, this division has failed to withstand the criticism that it is conceptually unsound, ignoring as it does the interdependency of human rights, and has largely fallen out of favour among thoughtful commentators.";